项目名称：黄淮海地区湿地水生态过程、水环境效应及生态安全调控
项目编号：2006CB403300
项目领域：资源环境
第一承担单位：北京师范大学
开始日期：2006-09-01
预计完成日期：2011-08-31
概述：
按照《湿地公约》定义，沼泽、泥炭地、湿草甸、湖泊、河流、滞蓄洪区、河口三角洲、滩涂、水库、池塘、水稻田以及低潮时水深浅于6米的海域地带等均属于湿地范畴。湿地被誉为“地球之肾”，具有巨大的调蓄洪水、调节气候、控制污染、减少土壤侵蚀、美化环境、维护生物多样性、生物生产力等生态、环境和生产功能。近年来湿地垦殖、污染和资源的过度开发，致使湿地成为全球最受威胁的生态系统之一，我国湿地也同样遭到这些威胁。纵观我国8大湿地区的特点和面临的退化症状，湿地水生态过程和水环境效应是其中最核心的问题，其中黄淮海地区湿地表现最为突出。该区是全国的政治、经济和文化中心，是我国重要的工农业生产基地，人口密度是全国平均值的4倍，战略地位极其重要。由于近些年来经济的迅猛发展，该区湿地正承受着高强度人类活动的冲击和胁迫，潜藏着重大的生态危机和灾害发生的可能性。同时，未来社会经济的高速发展还将对该区湿地构成进一步的威胁，这就对该区应对突发灾害事件的应急预警能力提出了前所未有的挑战。通过对湿地水生态与水环境进行抢救性的修复和保育，及时开展重大基础性研究，建立区域湿地生态安全及其调控模式不仅必要，而且迫在眉睫。本项目的开展是面向以下三方面的国家重大需求：1）恢复湿地、防御洪旱灾害、减少生态风险，全面落实科学发展观；2）改善水体环境质量、保障饮用水安全、维护人体健康，建设友好型社会；3）建立完善的生态屏障体系、构建湿地水生态和水环境灾害预警预报系统、保障区域生态安全，积极履行国际湿地公约。拟解决的关键科学问题：1、湿地系统组分间的耦合机理及其时空演变规律；2、变异条件下湿地系统功能退化、修复及维持的水系统动力机制；3、湿地系统生态安全调控机理。总体目标：1、从湿地系统层面丰富和发展湿地学理论； 2、解决我国湿地研究面临的一系列基础科学问题；3、显著提高我国湿地科学的整体研究水平；4、有效协调区域社会经济发展与湿地保护之间矛盾。五年预期目标：1.在基础科学层面：发展1套湿地系统层面的湿地学理论；构建3种模型，包括湿地系统生态需水整体模型、湿地系统过渡区水环境效应模型和湿地系统水环境效应多因子耦合整体模型；揭示3种规律，包括湿地系统水生态格局与过程的耦合规律，污染物在湿地系统水体、生物及沉积物中的迁移转化规律及基于生态水文过程的湿地系统生态需水规律；建立3套指标体系，包括湿地系统功能退化表征指标体系，湿地系统饮用水源地生态风险评价指标体系及湿地系统健康诊断指标体系；阐明4方面机制与机理，包括湿地系统形成、发育和演变的水生态驱动机制，水环境演变过程的驱动机制，多因子耦合条件下的湿地系统水环境效应动力机制及湿地系统水生态与水环境功能退化的综合修复机理。2.在基础应用层面：构建1个系统,即基于水生态与水环境安全的湿地系统评价、预警和整体调控系统; 构建4个模式,包括变异条件下湿地系统生境替代和补偿模式,湿地系统生态需水整体配置模式,湿地系统水生态和水环境修复模式及湿地系统生态安全模式。3.在培养人才方面：培养和造就一批在国内外湿地科学研究领域较有影响的中青年科学家，并在国际国内刊物上发表大量的具有重要国际影响的论文和著作。主要研究内容：以湿地与水的关系为主线，以水生态过程和水环境效应为重点，开展3方面研究：1、湿地系统水生态过程、格局与效应；2、湿地系统水环境过程与效应；3、湿地系统生态安全模式与整体调控。课题设置：为完成上述3方面研究，围绕3个关键科学问题，共设置有机联系的7个课题：1、湿地系统水生态过程与格局耦合；2、湿地系统水环境过程与行为；3、湿地系统生态需水动力机制及整体模拟；4、湿地系统水环境效应动力机制与系统模拟；5、湿地系统水生态功能退化及修复机理；6、湿地系统水环境功能退化及综合修复机理；7、基于水生态和水环境安全的湿地系统整体调控。
According to the definition in Ramsar Convention, wetlands include marshes, peatlands, wet meadows, lakes, rivers, floodplains, river deltas, tide flats, reservoirs, ponds, rice paddies as well as marine areas with water depths under six meters. Functioned as the “kidneys” of the earth, wetlands provide comprehensive eco-environmental and productive services in terms of flood mitigation, climate control, pollution prevention, soil-erosion reduction, environment beautification, biodiversity maintenance, and bio-productivity protection. Over the past decades, the wetland systems have turned into one of the most seriously threatened ecosystems around the world due to exacerbation of pollutions and overexploitation of wetland resources. Similar situations were also experienced in China. Examining the characteristics and degradation drivers of the eight main wetlands of China, it was found that the associated hydro-ecological processes and water-environment effects play the major roles in wetland degradation. This is especially true for the wetlands in Huang-Huai-Hai region of China which serves as the national political, economic and cultural centers, as well as the national industrial and agricultural bases. The population density in such an area is four times higher than the average level of the nation; and thus the socio-economic profile of this region is strategically important in China. Under the rapid economic development in the past decades, the Huang-Huai-Hai region has been suffering from significant impacts of extensive & intensive human activities, and thus conceives high risks of eco-crisis and disaster outbreaks. Meanwhile, the increasing high-speed economic development in the future will pose further threats on wetlands of Huang-Huai-Hai region, and present an unprecedented challenge to the capacity of early warning and emergency responses upon occurrences of disastrous events. Therefore, it is imperative to develop regional ecological security and control patterns for wetlands, and undertake relevant key and fundamental researches to facilitate rehabilitation and conservation of the hydro-ecosystem and water environment in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. The project will focus on the following critical national demands: (1) rehabilitate wetland ecosystem, prevent flood and drought, and mitigate eco-risks from the viewpoint of scientific development; (2) improve water quality, ensure drinking water safety, protect human health, and establish an environmental-friendly society; (3) establish a sound ecological security system, build an early warning and forecasting system for handling disasters occurring in wetland hydro-ecosystem and water environment, safeguard regional eco-security, and thus comply with the Ramsar Convention. The Key Scientific Issues of the project involve in: (1) coupling mechanisms and spatio-temporal evolutionary rules among components of wetland systems; (2) driving mechanisms of degradation, restoration and maintenance of hydrological functions in wetland systems; (3) regulation & mitigation principles for eco-security of wetland systems. The general goals of the project are to: (1) enrich and develop wetland theory at a wetland-system level; (2) deal with a series of fundamental scientific problems faced by the wetland researchers in China; (3) greatly improve the overall academic level of wetland researches in China; (4) effectively coordinate the contradictions between regional socio-economic development and wetland protection. The Five-Year Expected Outputs entails: (1) In basic scientific research: developing wetland theory from the standpoint of wetland systems; building three types of models, i.e. general model of ecological water requirements of wetland systems, model of water-environment effects in the transitional zones of wetland systems and integrated multi-factor model of water-environment effects in wetland systems; exploring and clarifying three kinds of laws, i.e. coupling law between hydro-ecological pattern and process of wetland system, migration and transformation law of pollutants in water bodies, organisms and sediments, and law of ecological water requirements based on eco-hydrological processes of wetland systems; establishing three sets of indicator systems including functional degradation of wetland systems, ecological risk assessment of drinking water resources, and ecosystem health of wetlands; demonstrating four kinds of mechanisms, including hydro-ecological driving mechanisms in formation and evolution of wetland system, driving mechanisms of water–environment evoluation, dynamic mechanisms of water-environment effects, and integrated rehabilitation mechanisms of hydro-ecological function and water environment within the context of multi-factor interactions (2) in application level: constructing a system of assessment, early warning, and integral control for wetland systems highlighting hydro-ecological and water-environment security; developing four types of modes, including the replacement and compensation mode of wetland habitat, the overall allocation mode of ecological water requirements of wetland systems, the rehabilitation mode of hydro-ecology and water environment, and the eco-security mode of wetland systems; (3) In scientific training of highly qualified personnel: fostering a number of young scientists with eminent academic reputations over the world and publishing a great number of journal papers and books with considerable international influences. The main research contents will cover three aspects of wetland systems, i.e. hydro-ecological process, pattern and effect, water-environment process and effect, and eco-security and integral control mode, where the relationship between water and wetland will be taken as the main thread and the hydro-ecological processes and effects of water environment will be highlighted. Research Tasks & Arrangements: to accomplish above research contents, seven interconnected subprojects were defined as follows: (1) coupling of hydro-ecological process and wetland pattern; (2) process and behavior of water environment; (3) dynamic mechanism and integral simulation of ecological water requirement; (4) dynamic mechanism and system modeling of water-environment effects; (5) mechanisms of degradation and rehabilitation of hydro-ecological functions of wetland systems; (6) mechanisms of degradation and rehabilitation of water-environment functions of wetland systems; (7) integrated control of wetland systems in consideration of hydro-ecological and water-environment security.